Package Management: Difference between revisions

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== Ubuntu / Debian ==
== Ubuntu / Debian ==
See [[apt]].

=== Basic ===
{{blue|'''Installing'''}} a package '''from REPOSITORIES''', using '''aptitude''':
<source lang="bash">
# ----- Installing from the REPOSITORIES - APTITUDE
aptitude update # (OPTIONAL) update the local repository cache
aptitude install <package(s)> # Install given package
aptitude remove <package(s)> # Remove package (or install it if package name prefixed with - )
</source>
''Note: Advantage of <code>aptitude</code> over <code>apt-get</code> is that it maintains <tt>/var/log/aptitude</tt>, and remove dependencies by default.''

{{blue|'''Installing'''}} a package '''from REPOSITORIES''', using '''apt-get''':
<source lang="bash">
# ----- Installing from the REPOSITORIES - APT-GET
apt-get update # (OPTIONAL) update the local repository cache
apt-get install <package(s)> # Install given package
apt-get install <package(s)>=<version> # Use = to install a specific version (usually to force downgrade) !!! no space !!!
apt-get install <package(s)>/<release> # Or use / to install from a specific distribution version !!! no space !!!
apt-get upgrade # Install new version of all installed package (without installing new package)
apt-get remove <package(s)> # Remove package (or install it if package name prefixed with - )
apt-get autoremove <package(s)> # Remove package and all its unused dependencies
apt-get purge <package(s)> # Remove package and related configuration files
apt-get autoremove # Remove package installed to satisfy dependencies for some package and that are no more needed
</source>

{{blue|'''Installing'''}} a package '''from a .deb PACKAGE file''':
<source lang="bash">
# ----- Installing from a .deb PACKAGE file
dpkg --install <debfile> # (or -i) Install a package from given .deb file
</source>

{{blue|'''Querying'''}} the '''cache''' or '''installed''' packages:
<source lang=bash>
# ----- Querying INSTALLED PACKAGE
dpkg --get-selections # Show the list of packages installed through apt-get
dpkg --get-selections | grep php # ... filtering for some specific package keyword
dpkg -l <pattern> # (dpkg-query) List packages matching pattern, incl. version + description
dpkg -s <package> # (dpkg-query) Report status of specified package
dpkg -L <package> # List files delivered by a given <package>
dlocate -L <package> # ... same as above but much faster (require package dlocate)
dpkg -S <file> # List packages providing given file
dlocate -S <file> # ... same as above but much faster (require package dlocate)
dlocate <file> # ... same as dpkg -L -S combined but much faster (require package dlocate)
# ----- Querying the CACHE
apt-cache search <regex> # Search package cache (package name and description) for given <regex>
apt-cache search --name-only <regex> # ... same but only search in package name
apt-cache showpkg <package(s)> # Show version and dependencies information about given package(s)
apt-cache show <package(s)> # Show information (description...) about given package(s)
apt-cache dotty <package(s)>|dot -Tpng|display
# Generate & display dependency graph (require graphviz & imagemagick)
apt-rdepends -d <package(s)>|dot -Tpng|display
# Idem (but usually much lighter)
apt-cache dotty -o APT::Cache::GivenOnly=true $(dpkg --get-selections linux*|awk '{print $1}')|dot -Tpng|display
# Dependency graph restricted to package(s) given on command line
aptitude why|why-not <package> # Explain why a package should or cannot be installed on the system
# ----- Querying a .deb PACKAGE file
dpkg --info <debfile> # (or -I) Show information of given .deb file
dpkg --content <debfile> # (or -c) Show content of given .deb file
</source>

{{blue|'''Querying'''}} packages that are '''not installed yet''' (requires package '''apt-file'''):<br>
<source lang=bash>
apt-file update # (optional - needed 1st time use)
apt-file list <package> # Search package in repositories, and show the content
apt-file search <file> # Display the name of all packages within repository that contain this file
apt-file search -l <file> # ... only print package name
apt-file search -x "/<file>$" # ... more accurate query using regex
</source>
:''Note: An alternative is to use the script '''[{{#file: dweblocate}} dweblocate]''', but '''apt-file''' is more powerful actually''
<div style="display:none"><source lang="bash">
#!/bin/bash

# Very handy script to query online debian/ubuntu package database.
# It more or less imitates the behaviour of dlocate, but is not limited to package installed on the current system.
#
# Usage:
#
# dweblocate -L <package> List all files in package <package>
# dweblocate -S <filename> List all packages that contains <filename>
#
# Based on script at http://mydebian.blogdns.org/?p=742
# Modified by Fuujuhi, 2009.

DIST=ubuntu # debian | ubuntu
SUITENAME=jaunty # Not necessary for debian

if [ "$DIST" = "ubuntu" ] ; then
LISTURL="http://packages.ubuntu.com/$DISTNAME/all/$2/filelist"
SEARCHURL="http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?suite=${SUITENAME}&searchon=contents&keywords=$2"
elif [ "$DIST" = "debian" ] ; then
LISTURL="http://packages.ubuntu.com/$DISTNAME/all/$2/filelist"
SEARCHURL="http://packages.debian.org/search?suite=stable&searchon=contents&keywords=$2"
else
echo -e "Unknown distribution $DIST... Aborting!"
exit 1
fi

if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
echo -e "Usage:\t$0 -S file \n\t$0 -L package"
exit 1
fi

if [ "$1" = "-L" ]; then
wget -q "$LISTURL" -O- | sed -n '/<pre>/,/<\/pre>/ {s/^[^/]*//;/\/pre>/!p}'
elif [ "$1" = "-S" ]; then
wget -q "$SEARCHURL" -O- | sed -n '/<table>/,/<\/table>/ { s/[[:space:]]*<a href="[^>]*>\([^<]*\)<\/a>/\1/p}'
else
echo "Error: invalid argument \"$1\"";
exit 2
fi
</source></div>

{{blue|'''View'''}} package source repository:
<source lang="bash">
apt-cache madison <package> # Display available version of a package in each repository
</source>

{{blue|'''View'''}} package installation history:
<source lang="bash">
grep install /var/log/dpkg.log # Also check dpkg.log.1, etc.
sudo cat /var/log/apt/terl.log # Also check
sudo cat /var/log/apt/history.log
</source>

{{blue|'''Add'''}} a repository:
<source lang="bash">
vi /etc/apt/sources.list # or edit files in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/
apt-get update
</source>

{{blue|'''Add'''}} a package authentication key:
<source lang="bash">
gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv 247D1CFF # (optional) Get the key from some keyserver
gpg --export --armor 247D1CFF | sudo apt-key add - # Add the key
</source>

Miscellaneous:
<source lang="bash">
dpkg-reconfigure popularity-contest # subscribe / unsubscribe to the package usage survey
apt-get moo # Get super cow powers
aptitude moo # Get super cow powers? try with -v, -vv
</source>

=== Advanced stuff ===

Reference:
* [http://wiki.yobi.be/wiki/Debian_Commands Debian commands on Yobi.be]
* Mail from Phil (2011/03/01)

==== APT with several releases ====

Content of file <tt>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00default</tt> (or <tt>/etc/apt/apt.conf</tt> if that file doesn't exist):
<source lang="bash">
APT::Default-Release "testing";
</source>

This changes the order of preference for packages. Here it says <tt>default=testing=wheezy</tt>, so:

<source lang="bash">
$ apt-cache policy virtualbox-osevirtualbox-ose:
Installed: (none)
Candidate: 4.0.2-dfsg-1
Version table:
4.0.4-dfsg-1+b1 0
500 http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ sid/main amd64 Packages
4.0.2-dfsg-1 0
990 http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ wheezy/main amd64 Packages
3.2.10-dfsg-1 0
500 http://ftp.be.debian.org/debian/ squeeze/main amd64 Packages
</source>
The number (500 vs 990) is giving the priority.


==== APT Pinning ====
Reference:
* <code>man apt_preferences</code>
* http://www.debianiste.org/?post/2009/06/23/Apt-pinning-ou-comment-avoir-une-Debian-Stable-et-a-jour-%3A
* http://jaqque.sbih.org/kplug/apt-pinning.html
* http://www.argon.org/~roderick/apt-pinning.html


== RPM's ==
== RPM's ==
Line 204: Line 26:
sudo make install
sudo make install
</source>
</source>
Usually <code>./configure --help</code> gives additional package configuration options (like installing documentation, etc).


;Installing build dependencies
'''{{red|! Power Tip !}}''' A more powerful way to install from source is to use <code>[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CheckInstall checkinstall]</code>. <tt>checkinstall</tt> will actually create a temporary package that can then later be uninstalled with ''Synaptic'' or via the terminal:
: Building from sources usually requires more dependencies than using the package. If the package is available on the distribution, the easiest way to install these dependencies is usually via <code>apt-get build-dep</code>:
<source lang=bash>
sudo apt-get build-dep udisks
</source>

;Installing as a package
: Instead of installing with <code>make install</code>, use <code>[https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CheckInstall checkinstall]</code> to create a temporary package that can later be uninstalled with the package manager.
<source lang="bash">
<source lang="bash">
./configure
./configure
Line 214: Line 44:
sudo dpkg -r <packagename>
sudo dpkg -r <packagename>
</source>
</source>
Note that <tt>checkinstall</tt> can actually run any arbitrary command and monitor change on the file system.
:Note that <tt>checkinstall</tt> can actually run any arbitrary command and monitor change on the file system.

== Backports ==
=== Debian ===
See [https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/docs/staff/procedures/backporting-packages/ Backporting Debian packages].

== Managing alternatives with <code>update-alternatives</code> ==
Display current set of alternatives (e.g. here for ''gcc'' on ''Cygwin''):
<source lang=bash>
$ /usr/sbin/update-alternatives --display gcc
</source>
<source lang=bash>
# gcc - status is manual.
# link currently points to /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe
# /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe - priority 30
# slave lib-cpp: <NONE>
# slave cc: /usr/bin/cc-3.exe
# slave cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-3.exe
# slave gcov: /usr/bin/gcov-3.exe
# slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.3.4: <NONE>
# slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc: /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-3.exe
# slave protoize: /usr/bin/protoize-3.exe
# slave unprotoize: /usr/bin/unprotoize-3.exe
# slave cpp.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-3.1.gz
# slave gcc.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-3.1.gz
# slave gcov.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-3.1.gz
# slave ffi.3.gz: <NONE>
# slave ffi_call.3.gz: <NONE>
# slave ffi_prep_cif.3.gz: <NONE>
# /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe - priority 40
# slave lib-cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-4.exe
# slave cc: /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe
# slave cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-4.exe
# slave gcov: /usr/bin/gcov-4.exe
# slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.3.4: <NONE>
# slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc: /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.exe
# slave protoize: <NONE>
# slave unprotoize: <NONE>
# slave cpp.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-4.1.gz
# slave gcc.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-4.1.gz
# slave gcov.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-4.1.gz
# slave ffi.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi-4.3.gz
# slave ffi_call.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi_call-4.3.gz
# slave ffi_prep_cif.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi_prep_cif-4.3.gz
# Current `best' version is /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe.
</source>

'''Create a new entry''' with
<source lang=bash>
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc.exe gcc /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe 30 \
--slave /usr/bin/cc.exe cc /usr/bin/cc-3.exe \
--slave /usr/bin/cpp.exe cpp /usr/bin/cpp-3.exe \
--slave /usr/bin/gcov.exe gcov /usr/bin/gcov-3.exe \
--slave /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc.exe i686-pc-cygwin-gcc /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-3.exe \
--slave /usr/bin/protoize.exe protoize /usr/bin/protoize-3.exe \
--slave /usr/bin/unprotoize.exe unprotoize /usr/bin/unprotoize-3.exe \
--slave /usr/share/man/man1/cpp.1.gz cpp.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-3.1.gz \
--slave /usr/share/man/man1/gcc.1.gz gcc.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-3.1.gz \
--slave /usr/share/man/man1/gcov.1.gz gcov.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-3.1.gz
</source>

'''Select an entry''' with
<source lang=bash>
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --auto gcc # Select alternative for gcc based on priority
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --set gcc /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe # Set gcc-3 as alternative for gcc (also set slaves, etc)
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --config gcc # Select alternative via menu
</source>

=== Alternatives for clang ===
<source lang="bash">
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ /usr/bin/clang++-3.8 100
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ /usr/bin/clang++-6.0 1000
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-3.8 100
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-6.0 1000
sudo update-alternatives --config clang
sudo update-alternatives --config clang++
</source>

Latest revision as of 09:24, 26 November 2019

Ubuntu / Debian

See apt.

RPM's

rpm -ivh package                    # Installing a package - verbose and progress bars
rpm -iv -nodeps package             # Installing a package (verbose), ignore dependencies
  • Query commands
rpm -ql package                     # List files provided by a package
  • To query a package that has not been installed, add -p option to the command:
rpm -qpl package                    # List files provided by a package

Source package

Installing from source package is usually done with 

./configure
make
sudo make install

Usually ./configure --help gives additional package configuration options (like installing documentation, etc).

Installing build dependencies
Building from sources usually requires more dependencies than using the package. If the package is available on the distribution, the easiest way to install these dependencies is usually via apt-get build-dep:
sudo apt-get build-dep udisks
Installing as a package
Instead of installing with make install, use checkinstall to create a temporary package that can later be uninstalled with the package manager.
./configure
make
sudo checkinstall                  # Creates a package and install it as if 'sudo make install' was run

#... to uninstall:
sudo dpkg -r <packagename>
Note that checkinstall can actually run any arbitrary command and monitor change on the file system.

Backports

Debian

See Backporting Debian packages.

Managing alternatives with update-alternatives

Display current set of alternatives (e.g. here for gcc on Cygwin): 

$ /usr/sbin/update-alternatives --display gcc

# gcc - status is manual.
#  link currently points to /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe
# /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe - priority 30
#  slave lib-cpp: <NONE>
#  slave cc: /usr/bin/cc-3.exe
#  slave cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-3.exe
#  slave gcov: /usr/bin/gcov-3.exe
#  slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.3.4: <NONE>
#  slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc: /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-3.exe
#  slave protoize: /usr/bin/protoize-3.exe
#  slave unprotoize: /usr/bin/unprotoize-3.exe
#  slave cpp.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-3.1.gz
#  slave gcc.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-3.1.gz
#  slave gcov.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-3.1.gz
#  slave ffi.3.gz: <NONE>
#  slave ffi_call.3.gz: <NONE>
#  slave ffi_prep_cif.3.gz: <NONE>
# /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe - priority 40
#  slave lib-cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-4.exe
#  slave cc: /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe
#  slave cpp: /usr/bin/cpp-4.exe
#  slave gcov: /usr/bin/gcov-4.exe
#  slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.3.4: <NONE>
#  slave i686-pc-cygwin-gcc: /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-4.exe
#  slave protoize: <NONE>
#  slave unprotoize: <NONE>
#  slave cpp.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-4.1.gz
#  slave gcc.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-4.1.gz
#  slave gcov.1.gz: /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-4.1.gz
#  slave ffi.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi-4.3.gz
#  slave ffi_call.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi_call-4.3.gz
#  slave ffi_prep_cif.3.gz: /usr/share/man/man3/ffi_prep_cif-4.3.gz
# Current `best' version is /usr/bin/gcc-4.exe.

Create a new entry with 

/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc.exe gcc /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe  30 \
 --slave /usr/bin/cc.exe cc /usr/bin/cc-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/bin/cpp.exe cpp /usr/bin/cpp-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/bin/gcov.exe gcov /usr/bin/gcov-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc.exe i686-pc-cygwin-gcc /usr/bin/i686-pc-cygwin-gcc-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/bin/protoize.exe protoize /usr/bin/protoize-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/bin/unprotoize.exe unprotoize /usr/bin/unprotoize-3.exe \
 --slave /usr/share/man/man1/cpp.1.gz cpp.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cpp-3.1.gz \
 --slave /usr/share/man/man1/gcc.1.gz gcc.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/gcc-3.1.gz \
 --slave /usr/share/man/man1/gcov.1.gz gcov.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/gcov-3.1.gz

Select an entry with 

/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --auto gcc                        # Select alternative for gcc based on priority
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --set gcc /usr/bin/gcc-3.exe      # Set gcc-3 as alternative for gcc (also set slaves, etc)
/usr/sbin/update-alternatives --config gcc                      # Select alternative via menu

Alternatives for clang

sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ /usr/bin/clang++-3.8 100
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang++ clang++ /usr/bin/clang++-6.0 1000
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-3.8 100
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clang clang /usr/bin/clang-6.0 1000
sudo update-alternatives --config clang
sudo update-alternatives --config clang++
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