Windows Administration

CMD.EXE

Configuration

• Enable file / path extension (see help cmd):

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\CompletionChar     <-- 09 (tab)
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\PathCompletionChar <-- 09 (tab)

• Command Extension are enabled by default

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\EnableExtensions

• Delayed expansion is not enabled by default:

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\DelayedExpansion

Other useful config tools:

DOSHere

Open a cmd prompt by right clicking on any directory in windows explorer

Device Management

View and Delete Unused Devices

Open a cmd.exe console:

set devmgr_show_nonpresent_devices=1
devmgmt.msc

In the Device Management Console, select show hidden devices. Unused devices are grayed out.

Disk Management

Convert Logical Drive Letter to PhysicalDrive

The following C program illustrates what Win32 API to use to convert a logical drive letter like C: to the corresponding PhysicalDrive specification.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <w32api/wtypes.h>
#include <w32api/ddk/ntdddisk.h>

int main()
{
    HANDLE hDeviceHandle = NULL;

    char drive[] = {'\\', '\\', '.', '\\', 'A', ':', 0};
    DWORD driveMask = GetLogicalDrives();

    for(int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
    {
        drive[4] = 'A' + i;
        printf("Drive: %s\n", drive);
        hDeviceHandle = CreateFile(drive , 0, 0, NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
        if (hDeviceHandle != (HANDLE)-1)
        {
            STORAGE_DEVICE_NUMBER sdn;
            DWORD returned;
            if (DeviceIoControl(
                hDeviceHandle,IOCTL_STORAGE_GET_DEVICE_NUMBER,NULL ,0,&sdn,sizeof(sdn),&returned,NULL));
            {
                printf("\tDevice type: %d number: %d partition: %d\n",sdn.DeviceType,
                sdn.DeviceNumber, sdn.PartitionNumber);
                if(sdn.DeviceType == 7)
                    printf("\t-->\t\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive%d\n",sdn.DeviceNumber);
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

Compile with:

% gcc logicalToPhysicalDrive.cpp

Example of output:

Drive: \\.\C:
        Device type: 7 number: 0 partition: 1
        -->     \\.\PhysicalDrive0

SSD Configuration

Optimization after ssd installation [1]:

• Enable AHCI in BIOS
• Verify TRIM is enabled: The following command must return 0

fsutil behavior query disabledeletenotify

• Check partition alignment (done in Linux).
• Turn off disk indexing (Disk → properties → uncheck Allow files on this drive to have contents indexed in addition to file properties).
• Turn off defragmentation (Disk → Tools; → Defragment now... → Configure schedule... → Uncheck Run on a schedule (recommended)).
• Turn off system protection (Computer → Properties → System protection → Configure... → Turn off system protection).
• Disable prefetch (regedit → go to HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters)
  • Set EnablePrefetcher to 0 (was 3).
  • Set EnableSuperfetch to 0 (was 3).
  • Go to services.msc, and disable service SuperFetch.
• (no change to GUI boot)

Regedit

Command-line

Using regtool (cygwin):

regtool /s registry_file.reg                     ;Silent merge registry file (no user confirmation)

Using reg.exe (windows):

• See http://ss64.com/nt/regedit.html
• See http://ss64.com/nt/reg.html

;Silent merge
regedit /s registry_file.reg                      

;Create a global USER environment variable (persistent)
SET MYROOT="%CD"
echo Setting global USER Environment variable to %MYROOT%
reg add HKCU\environment /v MYROOT /t REG_SZ /d %MYROOT% /f

Regedit .reg File Format

See also Microsoft's reference page, here, here, here and on Wikipedia.

See also regtool chapter on Cygwin page.

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]
@=dword:00000000
"SetupType"=dword:00000000
"CmdLine"="setup -newsetup"
"SystemPrefix"=hex:c5,0b,00,00,00,40,36,02

; Comments are created with a semi-colon

; Delete a value by assigning a minus to it
"SetupType"=-

; Delete a key by preceding the name with a minus sign
[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Setup]

The header line indicates the version and can be either

 Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00   for Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003
 REGEDIT4                               for Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 (but is also accepted in 2000, XP or 2003)

Network

Detect Network Environment Change

The following VBS script can be used to detect automatically when a network cable is connected or disconnected ("network cable unplugged"), as in [2]. Some explanations at [3], and more on [4].

Use MSNdis_StatusMediaDisconnect to detect when a cable is unplugged.

Set colMonitoredEvents = GetObject("winmgmts:root\wmi")._
     ExecNotificationQuery("Select * from MSNdis_StatusMediaConnect")
Do
     Set strLatestEvent = colMonitoredEvents.NextEvent
     WScript.Echo "Connected! Do something here"
     ' enable the line below if you want to exit after the first event.
     ' Exit Do
Loop

Same script a bit improved in order to limit detection to some specific adapter:

Set colMonitoredEvents = GetObject("winmgmts:root\wmi")._
     ExecNotificationQuery("Select * from MSNdis_StatusMediaConnect" _
        & " WHERE InstanceName = '3Com 10/100 Mini PCI Ethernet Adapter'")
Do
     Set strLatestEvent = colMonitoredEvents.NextEvent
     WScript.Echo "Connected! Do something here"
     ' enable the line below if you want to exit after the first event.
     'Exit Do
Loop

Wireless network

References: [5], [6]

netsh wlan show profiles                                              # Show list of available profiles
netsh wlan show all                                                   # Show details
netsh wlan export profile folder="PATH_TO_FOLDER" name=PROFILENAME    # Export profiles with folder/name
netsh wlan export profile                                             # Export all profiles

# More advanced
Netsh WLAN show drivers
Netsh WLAN show wirelesscapabilities
Netsh WLAN show interfaces
Netsh WLAN show profile name="Profile_Name" key=clear

# Troubleshoot
Netsh WLAN show WLANreport                                            # Generate troubleshoot report (html)

Tips / How-tos

Re-Enable Hibernate Option (Vista)

On Vista, Hibernation is disabled after running the disk cleanup wizard and removing the hibernate files. To re-enable (see [7]):

• Go to the command prompt icon in the Start menu under Accessories and right click the icon: click “Run as administrator”.
• Paste: “powercfg.exe /hibernate on” and hit Enter and also paste “powercfg -h on” and hit enter just to be safe.
• Open Control Panel and type in “Hibernate” in the Search.
• Click “Turn hibernation on or off”
• Click “Change advance power settings”
• Scroll to and expand the “Sleep” option.
• Select “Off” to the “Allow hybrid sleep” option.
• Scroll to and expand the “Power buttons and lid” option.
• Select “Hibernate” for the “Sleep button action” option.
• Select “Hibernate” for the “Start menu power button” option.

Enable Login Verbose Status

Reference: [8]

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
 
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System]
"VerboseStatus"=dword:00000001

Patch file version data

Some windows file have a specific record that stores release information on that specific file (like file version, company name, etc ). One can see this record by using the NT Explorer → right click → properties → Version panel. It is quite easy to change the content of this record by using an Hex Editor such as UltraEdit. Just look for either of the hex string below in the file:

560053005F00560045005200530049004F004E005F0049004E0046004F00 // V.S._.V.E.R.S.I.O.N._.I.N.F.O.
460069006C006500560065007200730069006F006E                   // F.i.l.e.V.e.r.s.i.o.n.

Note that the version number (file version) given at the top of the Version panel is actually coded in hex. The example below gives a file version 1.2.3.4.

xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 56 00 53 00 5F 00 // xxxxxxxxxxV.S._.
56 00 45 00 52 00 53 00 49 00 4F 00 4E 00 5F 00 // V.E.R.S.I.O.N._.
49 00 4E 00 46 00 4F 00 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx // I.N.F.O.xxxxxxxx
xx xx xx xx 02 00 01 00 04 00 03 00 xx xx xx xx // xxxx........xxxx

Shut down / lock windows from command-line

Using rundll32.exe (see [9]):

rundll32.exe user32.dll,LockWorkStation

Another one:

rundll32.exe shell32.dll,SHExitWindowsEx [0|1|2|4|8]
:: 0: logoff, 1: shut down, 2: reboot, 4: forced shutdown, 8: powers down the machine

Rename / Delete locked files using Registry

This uses a registry data called PendingFileRenameOperations in key [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager]. This data is a REG_MULTI_SZ. The syntax is as follows:

\??\source file
!\??\target file

To delete a file, target file must be the null string, i.e. 00 00. For instance the registry file below can be used to delete a file named c:\TEMP\Kill-ME.eXe.

REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager]
"PendingFileRenameOperations"=hex(7):5C,3F,3F,5C,63,3A,5C,54,45,4D,50,5C,4B,69,6C,6C,2D,4D,45,2E,65,58,65,00,00,00

Another way is to use the windows program reg.exe.

Reset (temporarily) Administrator password from Linux

• Install package chntpw (from universe)
• Edit .../Windows/System32/config/SAM file:

cd .../Windows/System32/config
chntpw -l SAM                        # List available users
chntpw -u SysAdmin SAM               # Edit user 'SysAdmin'

• Don't forget to umount Windows partition.

For the changes to be temporary [10], simply backup the SAM.* files and restore them afterwards.

To backup the permissions, use the following script (see Linux NTFS for details):

#! /bin/bash
 
for f in SAM*; do 
  for ACL in ntfs_attrib_be ntfs_acl; do 
    sudo echo setfattr -h -v $(getfattr -h -e hex -n system.$ACL $f|grep '=' | sed -e 's/^.*=//') -n system.$ACL $f
  done
done > restore_acl.sh
chmod a+x restore_acl.sh

Alternatively, from Windows, use robocopy.exe to copy the file with permissions:

robocopy c:\Windows\System32\config\ c:\Windows\Temp SAM*.*

Export certificate private keys when export option is greyed out

If the option export the private key is greyed out, this means that private key export is disabled by group policy. There are two options left:

• Use the tool Jailbreak. But jailbreak does not work on Win7 64-bit.
• Use the tool mimikatz (see also [11]). Run the tool (as administrator):

privilege::debug
crypto::cng
crypto::capi
crypto::certificates
crypto::certificates /export

The .pfx file is encrypted with password mimikatz

Minikatz

• Background info SentinelOne

Export certificate private keys (win 10)

✐	This is still work in progress.

Source:

• https://cqureacademy.com/blog/windows-internals/decrypting-sid-protected-pfx-files-without-password

Some details about SID-protected PFX files. Background knowledge about DPAPI and DPAPI-NG, Doesn't seem relevant here.

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51903332/how-to-export-private-key-from-windows-certificate-manager

Detailed flow on how to export some key material. However, it requires to have an exportable certificate at hand.

• In Start menu, launch Manage computer certificates (this is MMC snap-in certlm.msc).
• Go to Certificates - Local Computer -> Personal -> Certificates.
• We see a certificate with same name as computer, and with intended purpose Client Authentication.
• Opening it, we note the certificate Thumbprint string 693867F321B5764E324F3FB8C5CBCE03CDA3C2A3
• We can find this certificate in registry. Start regedit.exe, and go to Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MAGINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MY\Certificates\3078....
• Copy the keystore using PowerShell

$a = get-item cert:\LocalMachine\My\693867F321B5764E324F3FB8C5CBCE03CDA3C2A3
$a.PrivateKey.CspKeyContainerInfo.UniqueKeyContainerName
# 00998a33dbff25a91050b3b1bf9001ef_a5968f4a-5244-4993-830a-363efe3adaed

• We can export the keystore using a console elevated to SYSTEM account.

; Create a SYSTEM console (this must be run in Administrative console)
PsExec64.exe -s -i cmd
; Export the file
xcopy /G /H "C:\Users\All Users\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys\00998a33dbff25a91050b3b1bf9001ef_a5968f4a-5244-4993-830a-363efe3adaed" c:\Temp

• ... the flow continues on a VM, trying to patch a working certificate, etc.

• https://blog.nviso.eu/2019/08/28/extracting-certificates-from-the-windows-registry/

Some details about certificate data found in the registry.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\SystemCertificates
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\SystemCertificates

2022-04-22 - Win10 20H2 (19042.1645)

• Used with success the tool exportrsa (GitHub)
• Run in elevated SYSTEM privilege, then run the tool:

; Create a SYSTEM console (this must be run in Administrative console)
PsExec64.exe -s -i cmd
; Export the keys
exportrsa.exe

Be aware that exportrsa.exe is reported as a virus by VirusTotal, and hence better disable all A/V on Win10 before running the tool.

Example of output:

Skip cert with NO rsa public key for Microsoft ECC TS Root Certificate Authority 2018
Skip cert with NO rsa public key for Microsoft ECC Product Root Certificate Authority 2018
Key for "f92e9a47-1321-4aff-9600-fd7a6dbef186" is a CNG key
Enter password to protect exported cert:
***************
Enter password again:
***************
SUCCESSFULLY exported cert bundle for "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"in file "1.pfx"

Private key for cert "XXXXXXXXXX" is not exportable: 8009000b
Do you really want to export Public/private key for cert "XXXXXXXXXX"
[Y|N] (default N) >>>>
SUCCESSFULLY get private key for "ZAVCWL0136"
Enter password to protect exported cert:
***************
Enter password again:
***************
SUCCESSFULLY exported cert bundle for "ZAVCWL0136"in file "2.pfx"

• Afterwards, the *.pfx files can be imported again to mark the key as exportable, and export it anew with different options.

Manage services from the command line

The following commands may help

sc query
sc query SERVICE
sc queryex SERVICE
sc qc SERVICE
sc config SERVICE start= auto
sc start SERVICE
net start SERVICE

Troubleshoot remote desktop connection

Guides

• RDP error general troubleshooting (Microsoft).

• To view current remote desktop certificate:

• Open mmc.exe
• File → Add or Remove Snap-ins → certificates, click Add.
• Select computer account, then local computer, and click Ok.
• Go to Certificates → Remote Desktop → Certificates.

• gpresult /H c:\gpresult.html to see current group policies.

Some useful links as well:

• https://shellgeek.com/how-to-get-certificates-using-powershell/
• https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/certutil
• https://superuser.com/questions/137500/how-can-i-get-a-list-of-installed-certificates-on-windows
• https://superuser.com/questions/690763/list-installed-personal-certificates-in-batch

TermService     was disabled, restarted
  sc query TermService
  sc qc TermService
  sc config TermService start= auto
  sc start TermService
UmRdpService, depends on TermService, set on manual on Win10, is disabled here
  sc query UmRdpService
  sc qc UmRdpService
  sc config UmRdpService start= demand
  sc start UmRdpService

• ... turns out policy was disabled in domain group. Switching group fixed the issue.

Open Issue

Reduce volume size after updates and service packs

Particularly true for Windows Vsta. Ideas:

• Can we use sysprep tool?

Troubleshoot

Windows 7 Boot Issues

See Windows 7 boot troubleshooting.

Network Connection Folder is Empty

Reference [12]

• Open registry editor, and go to key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Network,
• Delete the binary value Config,

There is no normally no need to restart the computer.

The trust relationship between this workstation and the primary domain failed

Relevant links:

• How to fix: [13]
• KB on netdom.exe [14]
• Test relationship with nltest.exe [15]
• NT Gatekeeper: Finding Out Where NT Stores a Machine Account’s Credentials
• Prevent the problem [16]

The root cause is a desync between the machine account password on the computer locally (known as a local secret) and the computer's computer account object on the Windows domain controller. By default, each windows machine changes the local machine account password every 30 days, and replicates this change to the domain controller. The authentication process keeps the current password and previous password. A desync may occur if the machine is reset to a previous state beyond two password changes.

To fix: Use netdom.exe to resync the machine account passwords[17] (need special privilege on DC).

To prevent the problem from happening, edit the following keys in HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NetLogon\Parameters [18]:

• MaximumPasswordAge
• DisablePasswordChange
• ScavengeInterval

Remote Desktop Black Screen issue

Symptoms:

• Connect via RDP, screen is black.

Cause:

• Likely the persistent bitmap caching [19]

Fix:

• Press Ctrl-Alt-END, to go to task manager screen. This should display the desktop in most case.

Create a console as SYSTEM user

• Download and install PsTools
• Start powershell console with Administrator rights (Ctrl-X-A.
• Run

; Create a SYSTEM console (this must be run in Administrative console)
PsExec64.exe -s -i cmd