Raspberry Pi

References

• Buy Raspberry pi at modmypi.com.

Install Raspbian

• Use etcher to write Raspbian image on disk.
• Boot image as is. Do not expand image! This will be done at first boot.

Find the pi

ping raspberrypi.local

Enable SSH

• Mount SD card
• Create a file ssh on boot partition [1]:

touch /media/*/boot/ssh

1st login

• User pi.
• Password raspberry.
• Sudo access without password.

Configure

sudo raspi-config

Repositories

• http://legacy.raspbian.org/raspbian/ — Packages of old releases (Jessie...)

Network

Detect all Raspberry Pi on local network

From [2].

sudo nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24 | awk '/^Nmap/{ip=$NF}/B8:27:EB/{print ip}'

where 192.168.1.* will be your local network mask.

We can also simply look for string Raspberry since nmap correctly identifies pi mac address:

sudo nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24 | grep -B2 Raspberry

where 192.168.1.* will be your local network mask.

Raspberry in BRIDGE mode

Methods above fail if Raspberry is setup to bridge wlan0-eth0 connections. In that case, the visible MAC address is the one of the wlan0 interface. It can be detected because the address will be reported twice:

sudo nmap -sP 172.19.2.0/23|sort|uniq -d
# Host is up (0.18s latency).
# MAC Address: 00:0F:13:05:46:C2 (Nisca)              <-- MAC address of the Pi in bridge mode
# MAC Address: 80:86:F2:99:56:B5 (Intel Corporate)

Now we can repeat the request above to get the IP address:

sudo nmap -sP 172.19.2.0/23 | awk '/^Nmap/{ip=$NF}/00:0F:13/{print ip}'

Setup WiFi

Reference:

• Setting WiFi up via the command line

The quickest way is to use raspi-config tool

sudo raspi-config

Otherwise, setting up WiFi is quite easy.

• First get the WiFi network details:

sudo iwlist wlan0 scan
# wlan0     Scan completed :
#           Cell 01 - Address: A1:B2:C3:D4:E5:F6
#                     Channel:6
#                     Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6)
#                     Quality=69/70  Signal level=-41 dBm  
#                     Encryption key:off
#                     ESSID:"testing"
#                     Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
#                               24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
#                     Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s

• Create a new network entry in /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

network={
    ssid="testing"
    psk="testingPassword"
}

Better yet, use wpa_passphrase to generate an encrypted PSK:

wpa_passphrase testing >> sudo tee -a /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf > /dev/null
sudo vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
# network={
#     ssid="testing"
#     #psk="testingPassword"            <-- REMOVE THIS LINE!!!
#     psk=131e1e221f6e06e3911a2d11ff2fac9182665c004de85300f9cac208a6a80531
# }

Remove the password from the output produced by wpa_passphrase for extra security.

• On Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, set the country code in /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

country=BE

• Reconfigure the interface

sudo wpa_cli -i wlan0 reconfigure

• Check interface configuration

ip addr show dev wlan0

It is also possible to

• Configure multiple WiFi networks.
• Set a priority, eg. priority=1.

Setup Pi as WiFi HotSpot (router)

This setup the Pi has a WiFi access point (AP) in router mode (NAT).

References:

• https://learn.adafruit.com/downloads/pdf/setting-up-a-raspberry-pi-as-a-wifi-access-point.pdf — THIS METHOD WORKS
• https://learn.adafruit.com/setting-up-a-raspberry-pi-as-a-wifi-access-point/overview
• http://blog.sip2serve.com/post/48420162196/howto-setup-rtl8188cus-on-rpi-as-an-access-point
• http://blog.sip2serve.com/post/48899893167/rtl8188-access-point-install-script

Setup Pi as WiFi HotSpot (bridge)

(Updated for Debian Jessie - Raspberry Pi 3+ - See history for old method)

References

• https://david.meziere.eu/fr/reseau/le-point-dacces-wifi-bridge/ (main reference)
• http://antoine-schellenberger.com/linux/2014/12/14/tips_hostapd_bridge.html
• https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubuntu-linux-setting-wireless-access-point/
• https://doc.ubuntu-fr.org/hostapd
• https://wireless.wiki.kernel.org/en/users/documentation/hostapd

Install necessary packages

sudo apt install hostapd hostap-utils bridge-utils

Configure eth0 / wlan0 / br0 interfaces

• Content of /etc/network/interfaces

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)

# Please note that this file is written to be used with dhcpcd
# For static IP, consult /etc/dhcpcd.conf and 'man dhcpcd.conf'

# Include files from /etc/network/interfaces.d:
source-directory /etc/network/interfaces.d

allow-auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

• Content of /etc/network/interfaces.d/eth0

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)

allow-hotplug eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

• Content of /etc/network/interfaces.d/wlan0

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)

allow-hotplug wlan0
iface wlan0 inet manual

• Content of /etc/network/interfaces.d/br0

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
 
allow-auto br0
iface br0 inet dhcp
        bridge_fd 1
        bridge_hello 3
        bridge_maxage 10
        bridge_stp off
        bridge_ports eth0 wlan0

• Restart network

sudo service networking restart   # or
sudo systemctl restart networking

# Check new interfaces
ifconfig    # or
ip addr

Configure hostapd

• Enable conf file, /etc/default/hostapd:

-#DAEMON_CONF=""
+DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf"

• Copy default configuration file

sudo cp /usr/share/doc/hostapd/examples/hostapd.conf.gz /etc/hostapd/
cd /etc/hostapd/
sudo gunzip hostapd.conf.gz

• Set the following variables

interface=wlan0
bridge=br0
ssid=<SSIDHERE>
country_code=BE
channel=4
ignore_broadcast_ssid=1           # SSID will not be broadcasted
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=<PASSPHRASE_HERE>
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=CCMP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

• Enable ipv4 forwarding

sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
sudo vi /etc/sysctl.conf
# net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

• Restart hostapd

sudo systemctl restart hostapd

Disable HDMI CEC / Anynet+

Add to /boot/config.txt [3]:

hdmi_ignore_cec=1

Troubleshoot

403 Forbidden when apt-get upgrade

From [4]:

Err http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ wheezy/main libc-dev-bin armhf 2.13-38+rpi2+deb7u8           
  403  Forbidden
Err http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ wheezy/main libc6-dev armhf 2.13-38+rpi2+deb7u8              
  403  Forbidden

Edit /etc/apt/apt.conf:

-deb http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ wheezy main contrib non-free rpi
+#deb http://mirrordirector.raspbian.org/raspbian/ wheezy main contrib non-free rpi
+deb http://archive.raspbian.org/raspbian wheezy main contrib non-free
+deb-src http://archive.raspbian.org/raspbian wheezy main contrib non-free