Make

make is an utility that determines automatically which pieces of a program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to rebuild them. make uses a file called Makefile, which describes the relationships among files in the program.

References

• GNU 'Make'
  • Manual

• Recursive Make Considered Harmful
  This papers explains that cutting big projects into smaller Makefiles that are called recursively greatly increase the build time, even when nothing changed. Instead it advices to include smaller Makefiles in a master one, such that the dependency tree is complete.

Tools related to Make:

• ccache, a compiler cache.
• CMake, a cross-platform Make.

Some alternatives to Make:

• redo, a replacement for Make, based on ideas from Daniel J. Bernstein
  • A post motivating why it could be the new build system that might replace Make
  • Some even says redo could be the new Git of build systems (also [1])
  • ... but some does not agree...

Quick Reference

Automatic Variables

Make Automatic Variables (most frequent)

$@	Target of the rule (if multi target, the one that cause the rule's command to run)
$%	Target member name, when target is an archive member
$<	Name of 1st prerequisite
$?	All newer prerequisites (more recent than the target)
$^	All prerequisites
$+	All prerequisites, incl. duplicates
$*	The stem with which the rule matched (e.g. if target is dir/a.foo.b, a pattern like a.%.b gives a stem dir/foo)

Automatic Variables - F and D variants:

$(@D)	$(@F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the target
$(*D)	$(*F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the stem
$(<D)	$(<F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the 1st prerequisite
$(^D)	$(^F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the all prerequisite
$(+D)	$(+F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the all prerequisites, incl. duplicates
$(?D)	$(?F)	Resp. the directory (w/o trailing /) and filename part of the newer prerequisites

How to Use Variables

Recursive vs. simple expansion

# Recursive expansion
CFLAGS = $(INCLUDES) -O
INCLUDES = -Ifoo -Ibar

all:
	echo $(CFLAGS)           # will echo '-Ifoo -Ibar -O'

# Simple expansion
x := foo
y := $(x) bar                    # expansion occurs here, once for all (y = foo bar)
x := later                       # y still = foo bar

Substitution References

foo = a.o b.o c.o
bar = $(foo:.o=.c)               # bar = a.c b.c c.c

Using % (equiv. to $(patsubst a,b,$(var)):

foo = a.o b.o c.o
bar = $(foo:%.o=%.c)             # bar = a.c b.c c.c

Functions for File Names

$(dir names...)

Extract the directory part

$(notdir names...)

Extract the not-directory part

$(suffix names...)

Extract the suffix of each file name (incl. the period .)

$(basename names...)

Extract the basename of each file name

$(addsuffix suffix,names...)

Append the value of suffix to each file name.

$(addsuffic .c,foo bar)        # Produces 'foo.c bar.c'

$(addprefix prefix,names...)

$(addsuffic src/,foo bar)      # Produces 'src/foo src/bar'

$(join list1,list2)

$(wildcard pattern)

$(realpath names...)

$(abspath names...)

Rules

all: 
	@echo About to make distribution files    # @ : disable command echoing
	-rm $(file)                               # - : don't stop on error (ignore)

Tips

Automatic Prerequisites

A standard solution (inspired from Makefile manual):

#----- BEGIN Automatic-Prerequisites -----
# - see http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Automatic-Prerequisites
# - Note that .d files are automatically regenerated because of the include command below.
# - Only 1 .d file generated, indep. of defines. So if include files depend on defines, the .d files will *NOT* be updated.

-include $(SOURCES:.cpp=.d)

%.d: %.cpp
	$(CPP) $(CFLAGS) $(INCPATHS) -MM -MT $*.o -MT $*.d -MF $@ $<
#----- END Automatic-Prerequisites -----

A more advanced solution, where object files are stored in directory $(VARDIR), and have a suffic $(VARIANT):

#----- BEGIN Automatic-Prerequisites -----
# - see http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.html#Automatic-Prerequisites
# - Note that .d files are automatically regenerated because of the include command below.
# - Only 1 .d file generated, indep. of defines. So if include files depend on defines, the .d files will *NOT* be updated.
# - [CHANGES] .o and .d files are stored in directory $(VARDIR)/, and .o have suffix $(VARIANT)

-include $(addprefix $(VARDIR)/, $(notdir $(SOURCES:.cpp=.d) ) )

$(VARDIR)/%.d: $(SRCDIR)/%.cpp
	$(CPP) $(CFLAGS) $(INCPATHS) -MM -MT $(VARDIR)/$*$$"(VARIANT)".o -MT $*.d -MF $@ $<
#----- END Automatic-Prerequisites -----

Limitations:

• Only one .d file generated, indep. of $(DEFINES), so if $(DEFINES) changed, and include files depends on these defines, the .d files will not be updated.

A solution would be to name the .d files according to relevant defines, as we do for the .o files

Adding prefixes

SOURCES = src/foo.c src/bar.c

all:
	@echo $(addprefix subdir/,$(SOURCES))       # Use 'addprefix' function  - clearer
	@echo $(foreach V,$(SOURCES),subdir/$(V))   # Using 'foreach'           - powerful but less clear
	@echo $(SOURCES:%=subdir/%)                 # Using substitution        - even more clear when...
	@echo $(SOURCES:%.c=obj/%.o)                #                             ... changing ext as well

Frequent Mistakes

Use TABS to prefix commands in rules, *NOT* SPACES

Each rule in a makefile gives the set of commands that must be executed to build a given target from a given set of dependencies. These commands MUST be indented with a TAB character, not with SPACES. So make sure that the editor does not automatically change these tabs into spaces.

Don't call sub-project Makefile, include it

Calling subproject makefiles, so-called recursive make, has a huge performance penalty however the build (see Recursive Make Considered Harmful)

Don't add space around = (equal sign) in variable substitution

Do $(SOURCES:%.c=%.o), not $(SOURCES:%.c = %.o) (wrong)