C
References
- The C Library Reference Guide
- C Preprocessor reference
- manpage manpages-dev
- manpage manpages-posix-dev
sudo apt-get install manpages-dev manpages-posix-dev
Tips
Struct Initializer
struct {
int a;
int b;
} s = { .a = 1, .b = 2 };
Same applies for union.
Variadic Macros
See reference here.
#define eprintf(...) fprintf (stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
/* eprintf ("%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno)
==> fprintf (stderr, "%s:%d: ", input_file, lineno) */
#define eprintf(args...) fprintf (stderr, args)
#define eprintf(format, ...) fprintf (stderr, format, __VA_ARGS__)
An handy macro hack that counts the number of parameters passed before expansion (See [1] and [2]):
/* The PP_NARG macro returns the number of arguments that have been
* passed to it. This compensates for lack of __VA_NARGS__.
* Macros written by Laurent Deniau See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_macro.
*/
#define PP_NARG(...) \
PP_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__,PP_RSEQ_N())
#define PP_NARG_(...) \
PP_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__)
#define PP_ARG_N( \
_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9,_10, \
_11,_12,_13,_14,_15,_16,_17,_18,_19,_20, \
_21,_22,_23,_24,_25,_26,_27,_28,_29,_30, \
_31,_32,_33,_34,_35,_36,_37,_38,_39,_40, \
_41,_42,_43,_44,_45,_46,_47,_48,_49,_50, \
_51,_52,_53,_54,_55,_56,_57,_58,_59,_60, \
_61,_62,_63,N,...) N
#define PP_RSEQ_N() \
63,62,61,60, \
59,58,57,56,55,54,53,52,51,50, \
49,48,47,46,45,44,43,42,41,40, \
39,38,37,36,35,34,33,32,31,30, \
29,28,27,26,25,24,23,22,21,20, \
19,18,17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10, \
9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0
/* Some test cases */
PP_NARG(A) -> 1
PP_NARG(A,B) -> 2
PP_NARG(A,B,C) -> 3
PP_NARG(A,B,C,D) -> 4
PP_NARG(A,B,C,D,E) -> 5
PP_NARG(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,
1,2,3) -> 63
Variadic I/O Functions
See [3] for some reference information on variable functions.
The standard variadic I/O functions are:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
int vprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsprintf(char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap);
Example of use:
//This works both on win32 / linux
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
void vario(const char* formatstr,...)
{
va_list args;
va_start(args, formatstr);
vprintf(formatstr, args);
va_end(args); /* cleanup - DON'T FORGET */
}
Note on win32:
- There exists alternative functions ([4]) prefixed with a '_', such as
_vprintf_p,_vfprintf_l, ...
Temporary variable names for Macro
/* UNIQ(x) creates a unique variable name that depends on the current source line as returned by __LINE__. We need
Several intermediate macros because identifier are not expanded in macro if they are used along with # or ## in
macro definition.
Example: #define SCAN_MY(var,n) {int UNIQ(x); for(UNIQ(x)=0; UNIQ(x)<n; ++UNIQ(x)) printf(var[UNIQ(x)]);}
*/
#define UNIQ__(x,y) x ## y
#define UNIQ_(x,y) UNIQ__(x,y)
#define UNIQ(x) UNIQ_(x,__LINE__)
Static assertions
Static assertions are assertions that can be verified at compile time.
From Static_assertions (WP):
#define SASSERT(pred) switch(0){case 0:case pred:;}
SASSERT( BOOLEAN CONDITION );
static char const static_assertion[ (BOOLEAN CONDITION)
? 1 : -1
] = {'!'};
Pits
| By default, gcc allow multiple definition of uninitialized variables! This is really EVIL. Solutions:
References:
|
Let's consider foo.c int foo;
bar.c int bar=0;
and main.c int foo;
int bar=0;
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
return foo+bar;
}
We have the following: $ gcc main.c bar.c
# /tmp/ccjIc7Is.o:(.bss+0x0): multiple definition of `bar'
# /tmp/ccFys0wm.o:(.bss+0x0): first defined here
# collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
gcc main.c foo.c
# No error !!!
gcc does not report any error for duplicate definitions of uninitialized variables. We can force it as follows: gcc -fno-common main.c foo.c
# /tmp/ccnMOLlf.o:(.bss+0x0): multiple definition of `foo'
# /tmp/cc5YeNxE.o:(.bss+0x0): first defined here
# collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
gcc -Wl,--warn-common main.c foo.c
# /tmp/ccm9Z06a.o: warning: multiple common of `foo'
# /tmp/ccJIfrYq.o: warning: previous common is here
|
|
Undefined reference with gcc although library is given gcc -lm mymath.c -o mymath /tmp/ccI4NbJJ.o: In function `V': mymath.c:(.text+0x235): undefined reference to `pow' |
The solution is to have the -lm at the end. Order does make a difference (at least since gcc 4.6). gcc mymath.c -o mymath -lm |
Libraries
P99
P99 is not a regular library but instead a set of include files that offer powerful preprocessor macros (like P99_DUPL(...), P99_NARG(...)). From the website:
P99 is not a C library in the classical sense but merely a collection of include files:
- There is no binary library to be linked to your executable. The few functions that are provided are small wrappers that are compiled directly into your code.
- There is nothing to configure, P99 include files should work out of the box with any conforming C99 compiler.
Debugging
See general page on Debugging.
Embedded C
Some tips to make embedded development with C.
Enums are not always int
Some compilers do not necessarily map enum types to int. The ARM compiler for instance will by default use the smallest date type that can hold the value of all enumerators.
typedef enum MyEnum_t {
first = 1,
second = 2,
_forceint = 0x7FFFFFFF // To force 32-bit (signed) enum
} MyEnum_t;
Win32 vs Linux
| Linux | Win32 | Comment |
|---|---|---|
snprintf |
_snprintf |
deprecated, replaced by _snprintf_s but not compatible
|