Apache
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References
- Apache Documentation (a bit fuzzy...)
- Apache HTTP Server Wiki (much clearer but incomplete)
Enabling .htaccess files
In case the .htaccess files are ignored (see [1]):
Stop! Don't use htaccess files for mod_rewrite unless you have no other choice. Doing so is slow and confusing.
- Put a nonsense line (such as Wooga) in your htaccess file and try the request again. If you don't see a 500 Internal Server Error message, your htaccess file is being ignored altogether. The solution is to set both AllowOverride FileInfo and Options FollowSymlinks in httpd.conf (on Ubuntu, check apache2/sites-enabled/000-default, or add your own config file in apache2/conf.d) for the directory in question.
- If you think your rules look ok but you still see a 500 Internal Server Error message, make sure mod_rewrite is loaded in the server.
- If you have ensured that mod_rewrite is loaded, and that RewriteRule is enabled for htaccess files, it could be that your rules are looping.
- If none of the above steps help, try a very simple rewrite to check if the module is enabled. For example:
DocumentRoot /var/www
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride FileInfo # Must *NOT* be ''none''
</Directory>
RewriteEngine On
# Redirect all requests to example.com
RewriteRule ^ http://example.com/
Basic Rewrite Rules
- References: [2], [3]
- Rewrite rules are either defined in virtual host configuration (i.e. httpd.conf or similar) or in the .htaccess file, per directory ({{{1}}}discouragedTemplate:/red — I don't
know why exactly; slower...}}
Frequent errors
- Make sure that all files in your /var/www (or any other relevant directory) are owned by www:www-data (if not, rule conditions like
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f
may fail!)
sudo chown -R www:www-data /var/www
- If you changed apache config, make sure that you restarted the server
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
- If you use mod_rewrite in .htaccess files, make sure that these files are indeed read by Apache (see section above).
- Enable rewrite log to ease debugging. Add a file /etc/apache2/conf.d/rewritelog.conf:
RewriteLog "/var/log/apache2/rewrite.log"
RewriteLogLevel 8 # Max 9
Some example of rewrite rules
See [4] for more examples, and what-not.
Rewrite URL for missing resource
From [5], rewrite URL for missing resource.
# For each web request (file or directory) that doesn't start with /en-US/,
# serve up the original resource if it exists, otherwise serve up the /en-US/ version.
RewriteCond $0 !^en-US/
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule .+ en-US/$0 [L]
Rewrite URL for missing resources (advanced)
# Try to replace query for non-existing images to white/black images
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} -f # true if file exists
RewriteRule (.*) - [L] # Applied if condition above is true, [L] means LAST rule
# 10-0- up to 10-511-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /10-[0-9]+-([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-4][0-9][0-9]|50[0-9]|51[0-1])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 9-0- up to 9-255-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /9-[0-9]+-([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 8-0- up to 8-127-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /8-[0-9]+-([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[01][0-9]|12[0-7])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 7-0- up to 7-63-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /7-[0-9]+-([0-9]|[0-5][0-9]|6[0123])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 6-0- up to 6-31-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /6-[0-9]+-([0-9]|[0-2][0-9]|3[01])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 5-0- up to 5-15-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /5-[0-9]+-([0-9]|1[0-5])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 4-0- up to 4-7-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /4-[0-9]+-([0-7])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 3-0- up to 3-3-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /3-[0-9]+-([0-3])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 2-0- up to 2-1-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /2-[0-9]+-([0-1])\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
# 1-0- up to 1-1-
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} /1-[0-9]+-0\.png
RewriteRule (.*) white.png [L]
RewriteRule (.*) black.png [L]
Tags
DirectoryIndex
- Use DirectoryIndex to change list of default name of index file while browsing directory
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html # Will serve php version first
DirectoryIndex mycustomindex.html # To point to specific file when browsing directory (no directory listing)
HTTPS
From [6]. Assumptions:
- Already a website present at /var/www
- Package ssl-cert installed (that create snakeoil (i.e. self-signed) certificates in /etc/ssl)
# Load and enable SSL module
sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload
# Edit file
sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl
# ... and change lines as follows (for key/cert we use the snakeoil ones):
# SSLEngine on
# SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
#Enable the default SSL site:
sudo a2ensite default-ssl
# Tell Apache to reload its configuration:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 reload
To also add user authentication, add the following lines to either
- File .htaccess in website directory
- Section <Directory /> in /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl:
AuthType Basic
AuthName "default"
AuthUserFile /var/www/nxl67002ux.ssl.passwd
Require valid-user
Then create the password file with the command htpasswd
htpasswd -c -s filename.ssl.passwd username # set password, using SHA-1
sudo chown www-data:www-data filename.ssl.passwd # set permission (or get 500 - Internal server error)
Finally, reload apache2:
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 reload
In case of problem, check log file /var/log/apache2/error.log.