C++: Difference between revisions
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== References == |
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#REDIRECT [[C / C++]] |
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See also [[C|C references]]. |
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<ul> |
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<li>[http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/ www.cplusplus.com — C++ Reference]</li> |
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* Including [http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/ C Language Library] |
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* and ... [http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/ IOStream Library] |
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<li> [http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/ SGI — Standard Template Library Programmer's Guide]</li> |
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<li> [http://www.research.att.com/~bs/hopl-almost-final.pdf Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006, Bjarne Stroustrup] (pdf)</li> |
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<li> manpage <tt>stl-manual</tt> (from SGI)</li> |
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<source lang="bash"> |
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sudo apt-get install stl-manual |
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ln -s /usr/share/doc/stl-manual/html /var/www/sgi # Now the manual is available at http://localhost/sgi |
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</source> |
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</ul> |
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=== References - local copy === |
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<source lang="bash"> |
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# Make a local copy of www.cplusplus.com - use option -P http://proxy:port if needed |
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httrack http://www.cplusplus.com/ -W -O /var/www -%v "-www.cplusplus.com/forum/*" "-www.cplusplus.com/src/*" "-www.cplusplus.com/member/*" |
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</source> |
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== Benchmark == |
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=== Between compilers === |
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* '''g++''' |
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* '''[http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=pathscale_ekopath4_open&num=1 EKOPath4]''', a recently open-sourced compiler with much better performance than gcc/g++. |
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* '''Intel compiler''' |
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* '''pathCC''', PathScale compiler |
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=== Between languages === |
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* C++ reported to be the ''fastest language'', even faster than C and java. See [http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/ The Computer Language Benchmarks Game] |
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*[http://developers.slashdot.org/story/11/06/15/0242237/C-the-Clear-Winner-In-Googles-Language-Performance-Tests C++ the Clear Winner In Google's Language Performance Tests] |
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== Nested Classes == |
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See [http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/comphelp/v8v101/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.xlcpp8a.doc%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcplr061.htm Nested classes on ibm.com]. |
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== Tips == |
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{| class=wikitable width="100%" |
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!Problem |
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!width="600px"|Solution |
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|- |
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|Overloading operators <code>i++</code> or <code>++i</code><br/>See [http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/operator-overloading.html#faq-13.14] for more details. |
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| |
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{{nb|<source lang="c"> |
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class Number { |
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public: |
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// prefix ++ - Must return (*this) |
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Number& operator++ (); |
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// postfix ++ - Must never return (*this) by reference |
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Number operator++ (int); // ... OR .... |
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void operator++ (int); |
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}; |
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</source>}} |
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|- |
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|Reset <code>ostringstream</code> |
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| |
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{{nb|<source lang="c"> |
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ostringstream oss; |
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oss << "Hello," << 123 << endl; |
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string s = oss.str(); |
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oss.str(""); // oss empty now - we can reuse it |
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oss << "World!" << 456 << endl; |
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</source>}} |
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|} |
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== Security Tips == |
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{| class=wikitable width="100%" |
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!Problem |
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!width="600px"|Solution |
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|- |
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| Use <code>mlock()</code> to prevent a section of memory from swapping to disk<br/>(source: "Building Secure Software," John Viega & Gary McGraw) |
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| |
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|} |
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== Tools == |
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=== GNU cflow === |
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'''GNU cflow''' analyzes a collection of C source files and prints a graph, charting control flow within the program. |
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GNU cflow is able to produce both direct and inverted flowgraphs for C sources. Optionally a cross-reference listing can be |
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generated. Two output formats are implemented: POSIX and GNU (extended). |
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== <iostream.h> or <iostream> == |
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* <code><iostream></code> is the standard compliant library. <code><iostream.h></code> is deprecated since many many years. |
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* <code><iostream></code> contains a set of templatized I/O classes which support both ''narrow'' and ''wide'' characters (by contrast, <code><iostream.h></code> classes are confined to ''char'' exclusively). |
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* Third, the C++ standard specification of iostream's interface was changed in many subtle aspects. Consequently, the interfaces and implementation of <code><iostream></code> differ from <code><iostream.h></code>. |
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* Finally, <code><iostream></code> components are declared in namespace <u><code>std</code></u> whereas <code><iostream.h></code> components are declared in the global scope. |
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Note that both libraries '''cannot''' be mixed in one program. |
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Revision as of 09:07, 22 June 2011
References
See also C references.
- www.cplusplus.com — C++ Reference
- Including C Language Library
- and ... IOStream Library
- SGI — Standard Template Library Programmer's Guide
- Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991-2006, Bjarne Stroustrup (pdf)
- manpage stl-manual (from SGI)
sudo apt-get install stl-manual
ln -s /usr/share/doc/stl-manual/html /var/www/sgi # Now the manual is available at http://localhost/sgi
References - local copy
# Make a local copy of www.cplusplus.com - use option -P http://proxy:port if needed
httrack http://www.cplusplus.com/ -W -O /var/www -%v "-www.cplusplus.com/forum/*" "-www.cplusplus.com/src/*" "-www.cplusplus.com/member/*"
Benchmark
Between compilers
- g++
- EKOPath4, a recently open-sourced compiler with much better performance than gcc/g++.
- Intel compiler
- pathCC, PathScale compiler
Between languages
- C++ reported to be the fastest language, even faster than C and java. See The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
- C++ the Clear Winner In Google's Language Performance Tests
Nested Classes
See Nested classes on ibm.com.
Tips
| Problem | Solution |
|---|---|
Overloading operators i++ or ++iSee [1] for more details. |
class Number {
public:
// prefix ++ - Must return (*this)
Number& operator++ ();
// postfix ++ - Must never return (*this) by reference
Number operator++ (int); // ... OR ....
void operator++ (int);
};
|
Reset ostringstream
|
ostringstream oss;
oss << "Hello," << 123 << endl;
string s = oss.str();
oss.str(""); // oss empty now - we can reuse it
oss << "World!" << 456 << endl;
|
Security Tips
| Problem | Solution |
|---|---|
Use mlock() to prevent a section of memory from swapping to disk(source: "Building Secure Software," John Viega & Gary McGraw) |
Tools
GNU cflow
GNU cflow analyzes a collection of C source files and prints a graph, charting control flow within the program.
GNU cflow is able to produce both direct and inverted flowgraphs for C sources. Optionally a cross-reference listing can be generated. Two output formats are implemented: POSIX and GNU (extended).
<iostream.h> or <iostream>
<iostream>is the standard compliant library.<iostream.h>is deprecated since many many years.<iostream>contains a set of templatized I/O classes which support both narrow and wide characters (by contrast,<iostream.h>classes are confined to char exclusively).- Third, the C++ standard specification of iostream's interface was changed in many subtle aspects. Consequently, the interfaces and implementation of
<iostream>differ from<iostream.h>. - Finally,
<iostream>components are declared in namespacestdwhereas<iostream.h>components are declared in the global scope.
Note that both libraries cannot be mixed in one program.